November 2025: the 3rd warmest globally and the 3rd wettest in mainland Portugal since the beginning of the century

Global

According to data from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), the month of November was +0.65°C warmer than the 1991–2020 average, with a mean near-surface air temperature of 14.02°C (Figure 1), making it the 3rd warmest November on record globally.

November 2025 recorded a temperature +1.54°C above the estimated average for the 1850–1900 period (pre-industrial levels). This was the second month with temperatures above +1.50°C since April 2025.

Over the most recent continuous 12-month period, from November 2024 to October 2025, the global mean temperature was +0.62°C above the 1991–2020 average and +1.50°C above pre-industrial levels.

Europe

Accordingly with C3S data, the mean air temperature in Europe was 5.74°C, +1.38°C above the 1991–2020 average, making it the 5th warmest November on record.

Above-average temperatures were recorded in eastern Europe, Russia, the Balkans and Turkey. Below-average temperatures were observed mainly in northern Sweden and Finland, Iceland, and parts of northern Italy and southern Germany.

In terms of precipitation, November 2025 was wetter than average in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, north-west Russia and much of the Balkans, with particularly heavy rainfall in Albania and Greece. Storm Cláudia contributed to widespread rainy conditions in Western Europe. Drier-than-average conditions were observed in Iceland, southern Spain, northern Italy, central Germany and Sweden.

Figure 1. Anomalies (1991-2020 reference period) for mean sea level pressure and humidity transport, as well as rainfall percentages for november 2025. Source: C3S/ERA5

Mainland Portugal

November 2025 was classified as normal in terms of air temperature and very wet in terms of precipitation.

Air Temperature

• It was the 10th warmest November since 2000, with a mean air temperature of 12.47°C, which is +0.14°C above the 1991–2020 average.
• The mean maximum temperature, 16.93°C, was 0.17°C above average, while the mean minimum temperature, 8.01°C, was 0.11°C above the normal value.
• During the month, air temperatures (maximum, mean and minimum) were predominantly above the monthly average up to 17 November, followed by a cold period until the end of the month.
• In November 4th, more than 70% of IPMA meteorological stations recorded maximum temperatures above 20°C, and in November 22nd, around 35% of stations recorded negative minimum temperatures.

Precipitation

• It was the 13th wettest November since 1931 and the 3rd wettest of this century, with a total precipitation of 202.9 mm, corresponding to 180% of the 1991–2020 climatology.
• 15 new records for the highest November precipitation were registered, five of which were absolute extremes.
• There was a decrease of meteorological drought across the entire territory, with drought conditions ending in the northen and central regions. On November 30th, 21% of the territory was under weak meteorological drought.

Effects of storm Claudia

• Episodes of heavy and prolonged rainfall, hail, frequent thunderstorms, as well as occurrences of strong winds and extreme wind phenomena were recorded.
• A tornado occurred in Albufeira on 15 November, with the associated maximum instantaneous wind speed estimated at around 60 m/s (220 km/h).

Click here to have acess to the climate bulletin for onovember 2025 (portuguese version only):
Climate bulletin for november 2025

Figure 2. Lightning associated with a thunderstorm cloud in S. Pedro da Cadeira, Torres Vedras - Lisbon region. Picture credit: Nuno Batista / @LusoSkies